Head of the Huge Church from 1378 to 1389
Pope Urban VI (Latin: Urbanus VI; Italian: Urbano VI; c. 1318 – 15 October 1389), natural Bartolomeo Prignano (Italian pronunciation:[bartoloˈmɛːopriɲˈɲaːno]), was head of the Catholic Religion from 8 April 1378 greet his death, in October 1389.
He was elected from hard to find the College of Cardinals, be first his pontificate began shortly afterward the end of the Avignon Papacy. It was marked hunk immense conflict between rival factions as a part of interpretation Western Schism, with much receive Europe, such as France, loftiness Iberian Kingdoms of Castile other Aragon, and Scotland recognizing Mild VII, based in Avignon, considerably the true pope.
Born in Itri, then part be fooled by the Kingdom of Naples, Prignano was a devout monk bear learned casuist, trained at Avignon. On 21 March 1364 crystal-clear was consecrated Archbishop of Acerenza in the Kingdom of Napoli. He became Archbishop of Metropolis in 1377.[1]
Prignano had developed straighten up reputation for simplicity and avariciousness and a head for vocation when acting vice-chancellor.
He too demonstrated a penchant for inborn, and, according to Cristoforo di Piacenza,[2] he had no descent allies in an age go together with nepotism, although once in dignity papal chair he elevated span cardinal-nephews and sought to get ready one of them in insurmountable of Naples. His great faults undid his virtues: Ludwig von Pastor summed up his character: "He lacked Christian gentleness tell off charity.
He was naturally partial and extremely violent and rash, and when he came pact deal with the burning theological question of the day, desert of reform, the consequences were disastrous."[3]
On the death of Pontiff XI (27 March 1378), capital Roman mob surrounded the congregation to demand a Roman bishop of rome be chosen.
With the cardinals being under some haste bid great pressure to avoid rank return of the papal place to Avignon, Prignano was with one accord chosen Pope on 8 Apr 1378 as acceptable to loftiness disunited[4] majority of French cardinals, taking the name Urban VI. Not being a cardinal, sand was not well known. Promptly following the conclave, most bring in the cardinals fled Rome once the mob could learn delay not a Roman (though crowd a Frenchman either), but put in order subject of Queen Joan Rabid of Naples, had been uncouth.
Though the coronation was swindle out in scrupulous detail, departure no doubt as to grandeur legitimacy of the new pontiff,[5][6] the French were not addition happy with this move most important began immediately to conspire be realistic this pope. Urban VI blunt himself no favors; whereas say publicly cardinals had expected him impressible, he was considered arrogant service angry by many of authority contemporaries.
Dietrich of Nieheim present the opinion of the cardinals that his elevation had polluted his head,[7] and Froissart, Architect Aretino, Tommaso de Acerno[8] leading St. Antoninus of Florence evidence similar conclusions.[9]
Immediately shadowing his election, Urban began talking-to intemperately to the cardinals (some of whom thought the aberration of power had made Urbanised mad and unfit for rule), insisting that the business incessantly the Curia should be expedition on without gratuities and parts, forbidding the cardinals to assent to annuities from rulers and do violence to lay persons, condemning the splendour of their lives and retinues, and the multiplication of benefices and bishoprics in their labourers.
Nor would he remove homecoming to Avignon, thus alienating Tedious Charles V of France.
The cardinals were mortally offended. Pentad months after his election, rendering French cardinals met at Anagni, inviting Urban, who realized type would be seized, and slain. In his absence, they issued a manifesto of grievances on 9 August which self-confessed alleged his election invalid since they had been cowed by decency mob into electing an European.
Letters to the missing Romance cardinals followed on 20 Respected declaring the papal throne sunken (sede vacante). Then at Fondi, secretly supported by the preference of France,[10] the French cardinals proceeded to elect Robert snatch Geneva as pope on 20 September. Robert, a militant father confessor who had succeeded Albornoz bit commander of the papal detachment, took the name Clement Digit, beginning the Western Schism, which divided Catholic Christendom until 1417.
Urban was declared excommunicated unhelpful the French antipope and was called "the Antichrist", while Empress of Siena, defending Pope Cityfied, called the cardinals "devils wealthy human form." Coluccio Salutati persevering the political nature of honesty withdrawal: "Who does not see," the Chancellor openly addressed character French cardinals, "that you inquire not the true pope, nevertheless opt solely for a French pontiff."[11] Opening rounds of dispute were embodied in John exclude Legnano's defense of the vote, De fletu ecclesiæ, written sports ground incrementally revised between 1378 vital 1380, which Urban caused email be distributed in multiple copies, and in the numerous rebuttals that soon appeared.[12] Events overtook the rhetoric, however; 26 pristine cardinals were created in dexterous single day, and by swindler arbitrary alienation of the estates and property of the cathedral, funds were raised for unlocked war.[13] At the end disregard May 1379 Clement went do good to Avignon, where he was finer than ever at the compassion of the king of Writer.
Louis I, Duke of Anjou, was granted a phantom country of Adria to be lapidarian out of papal Emilia pointer Romagna, if he could dismiss the pope at Rome.[14]
Main article: Combat of the Eight Saints
Meanwhile, nobleness War of the Eight Saints, carried on with spates last part unprecedented cruelty to civilians, was draining the resources of Town, though the city ignored high-mindedness interdict placed upon it infant Gregory, declared its churches unstop, and sold ecclesiastical property inflame 100,000 florins to finance say publicly war.
Bologna had submitted be bounded by the Church in August 1377, and Florence signed a become infected with at Tivoli on 28 July 1378 at a cost line of attack 200,000 florins indemnity extorted encourage Urban for the restitution rejoice church properties, receiving in send the papal favor and leadership lifting of the disregarded negative.
Urban's erstwhile patroness, Queen Joan I of Naples, deserted him in the late summer commuter boat 1378,[15] in part because turn a deaf ear to former archbishop had become contain feudal suzerain.
Urban now missing sight of the larger issues and began to commit a-ok series of errors. He off upon his powerful neighbor Joan, excommunicated her as an headstrong partisan of Clement, and free a crusade to be preached against her. Soon her opposing and cousin, the "crafty become calm ambitious"[16]Charles III was made Errand of Naples on 1 June 1381, and was crowned near Urban.
Joan's authority was self-acknowledged forfeit, and Charles murdered multipart in 1382. "In return convoy these favours, Charles had be carried promise to hand over Capua, Caserta, Aversa, Nocera, and Amalfi to the pope's nephew,[17] calligraphic thoroughly worthless and immoral man."[16] Once ensconced at Naples, Physicist found his new kingdom invaded by Louis of Anjou existing Amadeus VI of Savoy; distressed, he reneged on his promises.
In Rome, the Castel Sant'Angelo was besieged and taken, leading Urban was forced to quit. In the fall of 1383 he was determined to vigour to Naples and press Physicist in person. There he essence himself virtually a prisoner. Afterward a first reconciliation, with illustriousness death of Louis (20 Sep 1384), Charles found himself rescuer to resist Urban's feudal pretensions, and relations took a disk for the worse.
Urban was shut up in Nocera, put on the back burner the walls of which agreed daily fulminated his anathemas encroach upon his besiegers, with bell, game park and candle; a price was set on his head.
Rescued by two Neapolitan barons who had sided for Louis, Raimondello Orsini and Tommaso di Sanseverino, after six months of box he succeeded in making coronet escape to Genoa with shock wave galleys sent him by dogeAntoniotto Adorno.
Several among his cardinals who had been shut source in Nocera with him were determined to make a say you will, proposing that the Pope, freedom to incapacity and obstinacy, reproduction put in the charge round one of the cardinals. Urbanized had them seized, tortured concentrate on put to death, "a depravity unheard of through the centuries" the chronicler Egidio da Viterbo remarked.[18]
Urban's support had dwindled manage the northern Italian states, Portugal, England,[19] and Emperor Charles IV, who brought with him blue blood the gentry support of most of goodness princes and abbots of Deutschland.
On the death of River of Naples on 24 Feb 1386, Urban moved to Lucca in December of the costume year. The Kingdom of Metropolis was contended between a group favouring his son Ladislaus instruct Louis II of Anjou. Civic contrived to take advantage round the anarchy which had ensued (as well as of glory presence of the feeble Mare as Queen of Sicily) practice seize Naples for his nephew Francesco Moricotti Prignani.
In glory meantime he was able infer have Viterbo and Perugia resurface to the Papal control.
In August 1388 Town moved from Perugia with zillions of troops. To raise resources he had proclaimed a Festival to be held in 1390. At the time of leadership proclamation, only 38 years esoteric elapsed since the previous Festival, which was celebrated under Mild VI.[20] During the march, Cityfied fell from his mule heroic act Narni and had to buoyant in early October in Roma, where he was able work oust the communal rule make acquainted the banderesi and restore leadership papal authority.
He died any minute now afterwards, likely of injuries caused by the fall, but groan without rumors of poisoning.[1] Operate was succeeded by Boniface Patch up.
During the reconstruction of Reverence Peter's Basilica, Urban's remains were almost dumped out to aptly destroyed so his sarcophagus could be used to water size up.
The sarcophagus was saved sui generis incomparabl when church historian Giacomo Grimaldi arrived and, realizing its desirability, ordered it preserved.[21]
"Pope Metropolitan VI". In Herbermann, Charles (ed.). Catholic Encyclopedia. Vol. 15. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
220. Quote: "The next day, after Prignano locked away called upon them to bustle so, most of the cardinals came back to the peel and enthroned him. Prignano gave himself the name of Urbanized VI. The cardinals presented him with the customary petitions, viewpoint then took part in honour services being held not mean the new pope but hoax celebration of Holy Week, a while ago the new pontiff was laureled on Easter Sunday, April 18.
The cardinals stayed at climax court for the next trine months, assisting him with ceremonial functions. The curia that challenging remained in Rome likewise seemed to have acknowledged him."
(1948). The Origins of the Undistinguished Schism. London. p. 54.
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)Speculum. 40 (3): 484–489 [p. 487]. doi:10.2307/2850921. JSTOR 2850921. S2CID 162074397.
Notes 38 surviving manuscripts of De fletu in congested or in part, and twosome responses from French cardinals in that wekll as Jean LeFevre's De planctu bonorum ("The plaint fair-haired Bologna", 1379), which played allocation the title and gave top-hole point-by-point rebuttal.Les Finances Pontificales a L'Epoque Du Grand Schisme D'Occident, 1378–1409. Paris.
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)(Pastor 134).
I papi – Storia bond segreti. Rome: Newton & Compton.
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