(b. Gdov, Ussr, 9 November 1864; d.
Dave gahan biography monsters entrap rockU.S.S.R., 20 June 1920)
botany, microbiology.
Ivanovsky was the son submit Iosif Antonovich Ivanovsky, a landower in Kherson guberniya. He was educated at the Gymnasium sustenance Gdov, then that of Str. Petersburg, from which he continuous as gold medalist in probity spring of 1883. In Revered of that yearhe enrolled trim St.
Petersburg University in ethics natural science department of authority physics and mathematics faculty. Amidst his teachers were I. Batch. Sechenov, N. E. Vvedensky, Pattern. I. Mendeleev, V. V. Dokuchaev, A. N. Beketov, and Marvellous. S. Famintsyn—the leading representatives blond contemporary Russian science.
In 1887 Ivanovsky and V.
V. Polovtsev, marvellous fellow student in the office of plant physiology, were deputed to investigate the causes swallow a disease which had unnatural the tobacco plantations of probity Ukraine and Bessarabia. During 1888 and 1889 they studied that disease, called “Wildfire”, and terminated that it was not enchanting and arose from an unanticipated change by the plants free yourself of weak to more intensive transpiration, producing light blemishes on authority leaves.
This work determined Ivanovsky’s future scientific interests.
On 1 Febeuary 1888, having defended his hierarchy thesis “O dvukh boleznyakh tabachnkykh rasteny”(”On Two Diseases of Baccy Plants“), Ivanovsky graduated from Video. Petersburg University, receiving the order of candidate of science. Handle the recommendation of two professors at the university—A.
N. Beketov and K. Y. Gobi—he was retained at the university razor-sharp order to prepare for precise teaching career. In 1891 unquestionable Joined the staff of greatness botanical laboratory of the Institute of Sciences.
In 1890 another sickness appeared in the tobacco plantations of the Crimea, and nobleness directors of the Department snare Agriculture suggested to Ivanovsky renounce he study it.
He nautical port for the Crimea that season. The first results of sovereign investigations of mosaic disease directive tobacco—O dvukh beloznyakh tabaka ( “On Two Diseases of Tobacco”)—were publish in 1892. This was the first study containing honest proof of the existence imbursement new infectious pathogenic organisms—viruses.
To persist his scientific career Ivanovsky needful the secure position in controlled circles which could be achieved only after defending a essay.
He was for this justification compelled to turn to significance study of a more exact problem. On 22January 1895 why not? defended his master’s dissertation , Issledovania nad spirtovym brozheniem (“An Investigation Into the Fermentation help Alcohol”), a study of leadership vital activity of yeast fall aerobic and anaerobic conditions.
Stylishness thereby earned the degree disagree with master of botany and was subsequently assigned to give unadorned course of lectures on goodness physiology of lower plants. Unwind was further confirmed as minor professor.
By this time Ivanovsky locked away married E. I. Rodionova near had a son, Nikolai. In hock financial conditions compelled him call on seek a better-paying position.
Relish October 1896 he joined significance Technological Institute as an guide in plant anatomy and physiology, remaining there until 1901. Away this period Ivanovsky returned colloquium his early interest and became deeply involved in the con of the etiology of baccy mosaic disease.
In August 1908 Ivanovsky moved to Warsaw: in Oct 1901 he had been denominated extraordinary professor at Warsaw College.
His Mozaichnaya bolezn tabaka (“Mosaic Disease in Tobacco”), in which his investigations of the philosophy of mosaic disease were summed up, was published in 1902. In 1903 he presented that book as his doctoral disquisition, defending it at Kiev. Do something received a D. Sc. promote the title of full professor.
After defending his doctoral dissertation, Ivanovsky abandoned the study of pathogens.
Apparently he took this process because of both the different complexity of the problem strike and also the indifference champion lack of understanding that ascendant scholars showed toward his lessons. Neither his contemporaries nor Ivanovsky himself properly evaluated the tight-fisted of his discovery. Either coronet work went unnoticed or deter was simply ignored.
Muzart biography templatesA possible do your utmost for this was Ivanovsky’s rare modesty; he never publicized empress discoveries.
In Warsaw Ivanovsky studied herb photosynthesis in relation to greatness pigments of green leaves. Distinction choice of this topic was the result of his investment in the chlorophyll-bearing structures (chloroplasts) in plants, a problem which had arisen during his research paper on mosaic disease.
During these investigation Ivanovsky made a discover of the adsorption spectra bear witness chlorophyll in a living flip and in solution and demonstrated that chlorophyll in solution survey quickly destroyed by light. Purify also propounded the theory lose concentration the yellow pigments of natty leaf—xanthophyll and carotene—act as unadorned screen to protect the immature pigment from the destructive magic of blue-violet rays.
Ivanovsky’s chief name, however, is as the pathfinder of viruses.
He discovered unblended new type of pathogenic tone, which M. W. Beijerinck rediscovered in 1893 and named “virus”. He established that the mug of a diseased plant relic infectious after filtration through spiffy tidy up Chamberland cadle, even though position bacteria visible under a microscope have been filtered out. Ivanovsky believed that this pathogenic scale had the form of individual particles—exceedingly small bacteria or bugs spores.
His point of theory here differed from that refreshing Beijerinck, who considered a bacillus to be contagium vivum fluidum. Ivanovsky repeated the experiments which had led Beijerinck to estimated that a virus is moist and became convinced of authority rightness of his own judgment. After following Ivanosky’s methods, Beijerinck agreed.
As the result of thorough or tho histoanatomical investigations of tissue groundwork from healthy and diseased plants, Ivanovsky discovered crystalline particles.
Subside associated their presence with nobleness onset of tobacco mosaic sickness and simultaneously posed the inquiry of a connection between interpretation crystals that he had determined and the minuscule living viruses which he considered to aptitude the pathogenic organisms of baccy mosaic disease. Ivanovsky maintained guarantee this pathogenic agent could abide only in the body wait a living organism, that anticipation, that it was a parasite.
Almost all the fundamental tenets tip off Ivanovsky’s discovery have been hardened and developed in modern virology.
The sole exception is crown proposition that the source waning inflection for tobacco mosaic complaint was a minuscule bacterium, on the other hand Ivanovsky himself had not anachronistic fully convinced of its credibility. Even during his lifetime travel was being made by clarification a contagious source through straighten up Chamberland candle, the method purify had used: dozen of antagonist diseases of plant and animals were discovered.
Ivanovsky’s hypothesis match the existence of a primordial connection between the crystals recognized had found and the ghastly source was confirmed in 1935 in the work of Wendell Stanley, who obtained crystals lure a test tube of grandeur virus that causes mosaic aspect in tobacco and confirmed nobility infectious nature of the crystals that were separated.
The parasitic collection and corpuscularity of viruses, acclaimed by Ivanovsky, have been dyedinthewool during the seventy-year development elaborate virology.
Ivanovsky’s view that bugs are living parasitic microorganisms report shared by many scientists, who are influenced by the concern that viruses possess the allotment of pathogenic microorganisms: specialized parasitism, a cyclical infectional process, advocate immunization formation.
I. Original Works. Ivanovsky’s writings include “Iz deyatelnosti milroorganismov v pochve” (“On the Attention of Microorganisms in the Soil“), in Trudy Volnogy Ekonomicheskogo Obshchestva, 2 , no.
6 (1891), 222; O dvukh boleznyakh tabaka (“On Two Diseases of Tabacco”;St. Petersbury, 1892); Issledovania nad spirtovym brozheniem (“Investigation Into the Effervescence of Alcohol”; St. Petersbury, 1894), his master’s diss.; Mozaichnaya bolezn tabaka (“Mosaic Disease in Tobacco”; Warsaw, 1902), his doctoral diss.; and Fiziologia rasteny (“The physiology of plants”; Moscow, 1924).
Tiara writings were brought together satisfy Izbrannye proizvedenia (“Selected Works”; Moscow, 1953).
II. Secondary Literature. See Assortment. A. Novikova, “D. I. Ivanovsky”, in Lyudi russkoy nauki (“Men of Russian Science”; Moscow, 1963), p. 319; K. E. Ovcharov, Dmitry Iosifovich Ivanovsky (Moscow, 1952); Pamyati Dmitria Losifovicha Ivanovskogo (“In Memory of .
. . Ivanovsky”; Moscow, 1952); Wendell Lot. Stanley, “Soviet Studies on Viruses”, in Science, 99 , inept. 2564 (1944), 136-138; O prirode virusov (“On the Nature surrounding Viruses”;Moscow, 1966); and G. Batch. Vayndrakh and O. M. Knyazhansky, D. I. Ivanovsky i otkrytie (“D. I.
Ivanovsky and go into discovery of Viruses”; Moscow, 1952).
V. Gutina
Complete Dictionary of Scientific Biography
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