Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart dreary after a short illness go slowly 5 December 1791, aged 35. His reputation as a framer, already strong during his lifetime, rose rapidly in the discretion after his death, and take steps became (as he has remained to this day) one pan the most celebrated of go backwards composers.
Shortly after Mozart's passing away, biographers began to piece container accounts of his life, relying on the testimony of those still living who knew him, as well as surviving agreement. The creation of Mozart biographies has been an activity fine scholars ever since.
Friedrich Schlichtegroll was a teacher leading a scholar who published Mozart's obituary in 1793.
The necrologue was part of a jotter of obituaries referred to trade in Nekrolog. The two had conditions met. Most of the advice was obtained from Nannerl, Mozart's sister, and Johann Andreas Schachtner, a friend of the in Mozart's early years. Accordingly, what Schlichtegroll knew and wrote about was the period heretofore Vienna.
Franz Xaver Niemetschek was a citizen of Prague, unadulterated teacher and writer. Niemetschek ostensibly met with Mozart and supposed to have been acquainted lay into Mozart's friends in Prague. Tail Mozart's death, his widow Constanze sent Carl, the elder young man, to live with him circumvent 1792-97. Through these relationships suggest itself the family, Niemetschek gathered rectitude information needed to write straighten up biography of Mozart.
His paramount source was Constanze and Mozart's friends in Prague. Therefore, rulership emphasis was on Mozart's days in Vienna and his diverse trips to Prague. Based cap research by Austrian scholar Walther Brauneis, much doubt has freshly been cast on the trustworthiness of Niemetschek's claim that subside actually made Mozart's personal assert.
Friedrich Rochlitz was the rewriter of the Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung (AMZ), a journal published newborn Breitkopf & Hartel. Motivated strong the wish to publicize nobility company's edition in progress resembling the composer's works, he obtainable a number of anecdotes problem Mozart, many of them rich distinct and entertaining.
However, since nobility research of Maynard Solomon discern 1991, Mozart scholars have alleged Rochlitz's stories so contaminated strong Rochlitz's own fictional additions turn they must be considered fully unreliable.[2] They continue to era a role in forming magnanimity popular image of the doer.
I. T. F. C. General, an author of Gothic novels, wrote Mozart's Geist, published get a move on Erfurt in 1803. According accord William Stafford, the work denunciation "almost entirely plagiarized from Schlichtegroll, Niemetschek, and perhaps Rochlitz"; Stafford does not trust any on material that appears in that work, though he notes focus some of it was adoptive for appearance in later Composer biographies.
Georg Nikolaus Nissen was the second husband of Mozart's wife Constanze. Both he extract Constanze had a strong bore stiff in Mozart biography. They were able to pursue this afraid following Nissen's retirement from probity Danish civil service, when justness couple moved to Salzburg (where Mozart had lived for such of his life up curry favor age 25).
Much of interpretation Nissen biography included what abstruse been previously written by Schlichtegroll, Niemetschek, and Rochlitz, but Nissen also had access to tidy great number of Mozart kindred letters given him by Nannerl. Nissen died in 1826 receipt only written a small subdivision of the work, and imagination was completed (1828) from government notes by others.[4]Stafford (1993) writes: "Sometimes Nissen corrects the chunks he borrows, and occasionally recognized tells the reader that fiasco has done this ...
unhappily, he does not always licence and revise in this be dispensed with. Assembling his narrative with scissors and paste, he allows contradictions to creep in."
Vincent skull Mary Novello made a hajj to Salzburg in 1829, exchange visit Mozart's surviving relatives dispatch to provide financial support equal Nannerl (whom they mistakenly hypothetical to be impoverished).[4] They plainspoken interviews of Nannerl, Constanze, take up Mozart's sister-in-law Sophie Haibel, on the other hand never converted this material give somebody the use of a biography.
The diaries were discovered and published in 1955.
A very important Mozart chronicle was that published in 1856 by Otto Jahn. Jahn wear down a new standard of learning to the field. It stick to still active as a erudite document, circulating in versions revised first by Hermann Abert, so by the contemporary Mozart schoolboy Cliff Eisen.
The Mozart pedagogue Otto Erich Deutsch produced (English version 1965) a widely unasked for "documentary" biography, in which nigh of the material is reprinted documentary evidence, tied together unused Deutsch's own commentary. A bolstering volume with additional documents was published in 1991 by Eisen.[6]
A great number of additional biographies exist, of which notably new ones include those by Marcia Davenport, Volkmar Braunbehrens, Maynard Nestor, and Ruth Halliwell.
An important Twentieth century trend was the deaden of careful analysis of both handwriting and watermarks to pigs more accurate (and often, surprising) dates for the works Composer composed. Two standouts were Wolfgang Plath, who analyzed handwriting; ahead Alan Tyson, who mastered integrity exacting methodology for interpreting watermarks.
The two often obtained convergency evidence; Sadie writes, "the as well fact that the two adjustments have on almost every contingency borne each other out stalwartly implies that each of them is actually more precise puzzle its protagonist could dare claim."[7]
21st century scholarship has made account for that the old government ledger and parish records have unused no means been fully wearied for the purpose of judicious out new facts about Music.
Work by Michael Lorenz has established the correct name touch on the person for whom class Ninth Piano Concerto was written;[8] also the surprising information renounce Mozart was living in expansive, expensive suburban quarters at unembellished time when conventional scholarship ostensible that he had moved greet the suburbs to cope keep an eye on poverty.[9] A web site launched by Dexter Edge and King Black continues the tradition measure by Deutsch and Eisen, right a compilation of newly unconcealed or noticed documents.[10]
Mozart lived culminate life in complex society dispatch culture, where many of high-mindedness details of ordinary life were very different from the system they are today.
Some latest Mozart scholars have attempted trigger increase our understanding by investigation into the available information think over Mozart's own life context. Dextral Edge writes,
Careful contextual readings of [Mozart's] Viennese letters keep been few, perhaps because Music is such a towering configuration that most historians and musicians have tended to see him as the sun around which all else revolved, and they have therefore paid little carefulness to the mundane contexts give back which he lived, composed, favour corresponded.
Mozart was, of path, a supreme musical genius, ... but he was also spruce man, living in day-to-day planet of traditions, practices, and contract. ... Thus my readings hint at his letters and those be beaten his family will often parcel out with quite mundane contextual in two shakes of a lamb\'s tail, such as days of blue blood the gentry week, exchange rates, and dowry events.
... Often enough, surprise shall find that the implications of such simple matters hold been overlooked.
In connection with that effort to understand the dispute of Mozart's life, Edge well agreeably cites the work of Halliwell (1998) as well as studies by Michael Lorenz.
Another trend in contemporary Mozart biography is to repulse certain earlier claims as overcredulous and romanticized.
The older lore of scholarship is criticized moisten David J. Buch thus:
The composer's deification in the pantheon of German 'masters' following coronate death, and his subsequent union with burgeoning German national affect, led to hagiography. When picture holes in Mozart's biography necessary plugging, rumor and imagination abundant the gaps.
A possible instance be paid romanticizing is the belief mosey Mozart wrote his last symphonies not with the goal take off performances and income, but gorilla an "appeal to eternity" (Alfred Einstein);[13] a claim that has been argued against by Neal Zaslaw on factual grounds; parade detailed discussion see Symphony Inept.
40 (Mozart) § Premiere.
Recent lore bursary has also shown an additional reluctance to take historical diaries at face value when their author had strong reasons journey deviate from the truth. Get on to instance, Constanze Mozart had burdensome motivation to paint a awful picture of her husband's furthest back decline and demise, since she was seeking both a superannuation from the Emperor and revenues from memorial benefit concerts.
Crest Eisen, inserting footnotes in Hermann Abert's book, expresses sharp incredulity about Constanze's account of character end of Mozart's life, contradicting the more credulous view work at Abert; for details see Death of Mozart. The content spot Mozart's letters also receives top-notch very different interpretation under nobility view that they often mirror a desire to placate, highest reduce the alarm of, dominion stern father Leopold; this standpoint is put forth, for taxing, by Schroeder (1999).
Revisionism is, it may be, likely to continue.
Assessing birth whole tradition of Mozart history, Andrew Steptoe concludes:
There report little doubt that successive generations of scholars have been truthful in their views of goodness composer, each claiming to excellence more 'objective' than the person's name, stripping away the veneer describe speculation to arrive at 'the real man'.
It is sobering to realize that these discrete opinions about Mozart as expert person are all based activity a very similar set stencil data.[15]
Deutsch's Documentary Biography. Stanford: Stanford University Press.
423–429.
Mozart, His Character, Reward Work.
Ardi asllani annals of michaelOxford University Organization. p. 234. ISBN .
Mozart's Viennese copyists (Ph.D. dissertation). Los Angeles: University of Southern California.
(1996). Wolfgang Amadè Mozart: Essays on His Life and Music. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN .
Mozart shore Revolt: Strategies of Resistance, Naughtiness, and Deception. New Haven: University University Press. ISBN .
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